everyone ⚠ Verify before you ship
Taxes: 15% duty on used cars UNLESS you present EUR.1/origin proof of EU origin (0% then — but importers report EUR.1 is hard to obtain for used cars from private sellers; budget 15% unless your exporter provides it) + 17% VAT on customs value
minimum Euro 5 for used imports (Euro 3/4 barred from regular registration); no hard age cap surfaced — the Euro 5 floor is the effective gate (≈2011+); older 7/10-year-cap claims circulate — confirm at clearance; homologation required